One of the primary challenges in PEMFC catalysis is the cost and durability of the catalysts. Platinum is costly, and the durability of the catalyst under operating conditions is a concern. Catalyst degradation can occur due to sintering, dissolution, or poisoning by impurities in the hydrogen fuel or air. Moreover, the slow kinetics of the ORR at the cathode remains a significant bottleneck, necessitating the development of more active and robust catalysts.
