What Advances Have Been Made in Catalyst Development?
Recent advances in catalyst development for PEMFCs have focused on both improving the performance of platinum-based catalysts and developing platinum-free alternatives. Techniques such as nano-engineering and alloying have been used to enhance the activity and stability of platinum catalysts. Meanwhile, non-precious metal catalysts, including iron-nitrogen-carbon (Fe-N-C) complexes and metal oxides, have shown promise in reducing costs while maintaining adequate performance.