What Types of Spectroscopic Techniques are Used in Operando Studies?
Several spectroscopic techniques can be employed in operando studies, each providing different types of information:
- Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): Provides information about molecular vibrations, allowing for the identification of intermediates and adsorbed species on the catalyst surface. - X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS): Offers insights into the electronic and structural properties of the catalyst, such as oxidation states and local geometry. - Raman Spectroscopy: Useful for studying vibrational modes, particularly in solid catalysts, and can provide information about the catalyst structure and adsorbed species. - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Helps in understanding the local environment of atoms within the catalyst, providing information about catalyst structure and dynamics. - Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis): Used to monitor electronic transitions in the catalyst and can provide insights into the electronic structure and oxidation states of the active sites.
