Several advanced techniques utilize femtosecond X-ray pulses to study catalytic processes:
- Time-Resolved X-ray Diffraction: This technique helps in determining the structure of transient intermediates during a catalytic reaction. - X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS): Used to study the electronic structure and oxidation states of catalysts in real time. - X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES): Offers insights into the electronic states and local environments of catalysts.
