Various techniques are employed to study complex reaction pathways in catalysis. [Spectroscopic methods]() such as infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can provide information about the structure of intermediates and the nature of the active sites. [Kinetic studies]() help identify the rate-determining step and the effect of different conditions on the reaction rate. Computational methods, including [density functional theory (DFT)](), are also widely used to model reaction pathways and predict the energies of intermediates and transition states.
