Covalent Bonding: This involves creating strong covalent bonds between the molecules and the catalyst surface, ensuring stability. Ionic Bonding: Ionic interactions can be used for grafting, though they are generally less stable than covalent bonds. Physical Adsorption: Involves weak interactions like van der Waals forces to attach molecules to the surface. Sol-Gel Method: Utilizes a sol-gel process to graft molecules onto a catalyst, often used for creating porous materials.
