Several advanced techniques are employed for visualization in catalysis: 1. Microscopy Techniques: - Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) provides detailed images of the catalyst's internal structure. - Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) offers surface morphology details. - Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) allows for nanoscale topographic imaging. 2. Spectroscopy Techniques: - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) can be used to analyze the surface chemistry of catalysts. - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) helps in identifying functional groups and reaction intermediates. - Raman Spectroscopy is used for molecular characterization and understanding the vibrational modes of molecules. 3. X-ray Techniques: - X-ray Diffraction (XRD) provides information on the crystalline structure of catalysts. - X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) are used to study the electronic structure and local chemical environment around specific atoms.
