Several advanced techniques are employed for sample analysis in catalysis, including:
1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): This technique helps determine the crystalline structure of catalysts. 2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Used to observe the morphology and size of catalyst nanoparticles. 3. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Provides information on the elemental composition and oxidation states. 4. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Surface Area Analysis: Measures the specific surface area of catalysts. 5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Identifies functional groups and chemical bonds. 6. Mass Spectrometry (MS): Helps analyze the products and intermediates in catalytic reactions.
