Several factors influence the magnitude of Δ, including:
Nature of the Metal Ion: Transition metals with higher charges generally experience larger Δ values. Oxidation State: Higher oxidation states typically lead to larger Δ values due to increased electrostatic attraction between the metal and ligands. Ligand Type: Strong-field ligands, such as CN- and CO, produce larger Δ values than weak-field ligands, like H2O and Cl-. Coordination Geometry: Different geometries (octahedral, tetrahedral, square planar) result in different splitting patterns and Δ values. Metal-Ligand Distance: Shorter distances between the metal and ligands generally increase Δ.
