scientific instruments

What are the key scientific instruments used in catalysis research?

Catalysis research relies on a variety of sophisticated scientific instruments to explore and understand catalytic processes. Some of the most essential instruments include X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for detailed internal structure, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for identifying chemical bonds and functional groups, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for elucidating molecular structure and dynamics.

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