Various methods are used to immobilize catalysts, including:
Physical Adsorption: The catalyst is adsorbed onto the surface of a solid support through weak van der Waals forces. Covalent Bonding: The catalyst is covalently bonded to the support, providing strong and stable attachment. Entrapment: The catalyst is trapped within the pores or matrix of a gel or polymer. Encapsulation: The catalyst is enclosed within a membrane or material that allows the passage of reactants and products but retains the catalyst. Cross-linking: The catalyst molecules are linked together to form a network, often using a bifunctional reagent, providing structural integrity.
