Nano scale ZVI can be synthesized using several methods, including chemical reduction, physical methods like ball milling, and biological methods. The most common approach involves the reduction of iron salts (such as FeCl3 or FeSO4) using reducing agents like sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or hydrazine (N2H4). The choice of synthesis method affects the particle size, surface area, and reactivity of the ZVI nanoparticles.
