Particle size can be controlled through various synthesis methods: 1. Impregnation and Co-precipitation: These methods can control particle size by adjusting parameters like pH, temperature, and concentration of precursors. 2. Sol-Gel Methods: Allow precise control over the particle size by manipulating the gelation process. 3. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD): Enables the deposition of ultrafine particles with controlled size and distribution. 4. Thermal Treatments: Post-synthesis treatments like calcination can modify particle size and morphology.
