Several advanced techniques are used to study real-time dynamics in catalysis:
- Spectroscopy: Techniques like FTIR, Raman, and UV-Vis spectroscopy allow for the observation of molecular vibrations and electronic transitions, providing insights into the chemical environment and reaction intermediates. - Microscopy: High-resolution methods such as TEM and SEM enable the visualization of catalyst surfaces and the identification of active sites. - X-ray Diffraction: XRD and XAS techniques provide structural information about catalysts and their changes during reactions. - Mass Spectrometry: MS can be used to detect reaction products and intermediates in real-time, shedding light on the reaction mechanisms.
