Detecting palladium leaching involves analytical techniques such as:
1. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): This highly sensitive technique quantifies trace amounts of palladium in the reaction mixture. 2. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS): AAS is used to measure the concentration of palladium in solution. 3. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): XPS provides information on the oxidation state and chemical environment of palladium on the catalyst surface. 4. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): TEM allows visualization of palladium particle size and distribution on the catalyst support before and after the reaction.
