Chemical poisoning can be detected through various methods: 1. Activity Tests: A significant drop in the catalytic activity is often a clear indicator of poisoning. 2. Spectroscopic Techniques: Techniques like Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can identify the presence of poisons on the catalyst surface. 3. Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): This method can help to identify adsorbed species on the catalyst by heating the catalyst and analyzing the desorbed gases.
