Several advanced techniques are employed to study ultrafast dynamics: 1. Femtosecond Spectroscopy: This technique uses ultrafast laser pulses to observe the dynamics of electrons and atomic nuclei in real-time. 2. Time-Resolved X-ray Diffraction: This method provides structural information about transient species during reactions. 3. Pump-Probe Experiments: These experiments involve exciting the system with a pump pulse and then probing the subsequent dynamics with another pulse.
