Some notable discoveries enabled by ultrafast dynamics studies include: 1. Photocatalysis: Ultrafast spectroscopy has shed light on the mechanisms of photocatalytic water splitting, crucial for hydrogen production. 2. Enzyme Catalysis: Time-resolved studies have elucidated the dynamics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, revealing how enzymes achieve their remarkable specificity and efficiency. 3. Heterogeneous Catalysis: Ultrafast techniques have provided insights into surface reactions, such as the adsorption and desorption processes on catalytic surfaces.