Enzymes can be immobilized using various methods such as adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and encapsulation.
Adsorption: This involves the physical attachment of the enzyme to a solid support, typically through hydrophobic interactions or Van der Waals forces. It's a simple and inexpensive method but can lead to desorption of the enzyme. Covalent Binding: Enzymes are covalently bonded to a support, offering strong and stable attachment. However, this method can sometimes alter the enzyme's active site, reducing its activity. Entrapment: Enzymes are trapped within a matrix such as a gel or fiber. This method protects the enzyme but can limit substrate access. Encapsulation: Enzymes are enclosed within a semi-permeable membrane. This provides excellent protection and allows substrate passage, but the diffusion limitations can affect the reaction rate.
