Several analytical techniques are commonly used in operando studies, each offering unique insights into the catalytic process. Some of the most widely used techniques include:
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS): Provides information on the oxidation state and local environment of metal centers in catalysts. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Monitors changes in chemical bonds and can identify reaction intermediates and products. Raman Spectroscopy: Offers complementary information to IR spectroscopy, particularly useful for studying carbon-based materials. Mass Spectrometry (MS): Analyzes the composition of gases evolved during a reaction, helping to identify reaction mechanisms. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Provides high-resolution images of catalyst morphology and structure.
