Operando methods are advanced analytical techniques used to study catalysts under actual reaction conditions. The term "operando" comes from the Latin word meaning "working" or "operating." These methods help scientists observe the real-time behavior of catalysts, providing insights into their structure, composition, and activity during the catalytic process. By combining spectroscopy, microscopy, and other analytical techniques, operando methods bridge the gap between idealized lab conditions and real-world applications.
