Several analytical techniques employ infrared pulses to study catalytic systems: 1. Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy (TRIR): This technique uses ultrafast infrared pulses to monitor changes in the molecular structure during a reaction. It provides time-resolved data that can reveal transient species and reaction intermediates. 2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): FTIR can utilize infrared pulses for high-resolution spectral analysis. It is widely used to study adsorption, desorption, and reaction processes on catalyst surfaces. 3. Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) Spectroscopy: A nonlinear optical technique that combines infrared pulses with visible light to study surfaces and interfaces, providing insights into the orientation and dynamics of molecules on catalytic materials.