Several advanced techniques provide high time resolution for studying catalytic processes. These include:
Time-resolved spectroscopy: Techniques such as ultrafast laser spectroscopy can capture processes occurring on femtosecond to nanosecond timescales. In situ characterization: Methods like X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) allow real-time monitoring of catalysts under reaction conditions. Pump-probe techniques: These involve using a pump pulse to initiate a reaction and a probe pulse to monitor changes, offering high temporal resolution.
