What Techniques are Used for Catalyst Characterization?
A variety of techniques are employed to characterize catalysts, each providing different types of information. Some common techniques include:
- X-ray Diffraction (XRD): To determine the crystalline structure. - Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): To observe surface morphology. - Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): For high-resolution imaging of the catalyst's internal structure. - Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Analysis: To measure surface area and porosity. - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): To identify functional groups and chemical bonds. - Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): To study surface interactions and active sites.
