strain and defects analysis

What are the Techniques for Defects Analysis?


Defects in catalytic materials can be characterized using various advanced techniques:
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): SEM provides surface morphology and can reveal surface defects.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR): EPR is used to study unpaired electrons in defects, such as vacancies and interstitials.
Diffraction Techniques: Techniques like XRD and neutron diffraction help identify bulk defects by analyzing diffraction patterns.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): XPS can provide information on the chemical state of elements and identify surface defects.
Understanding the nature and extent of defects is essential for optimizing catalytic performance.

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