Catalyst deactivation can manifest in various ways, including:
1. Loss of Activity: The most obvious sign, where the catalyst no longer facilitates the desired chemical reaction efficiently. 2. Physical Changes: Such as sintering, where the catalyst particles agglomerate, leading to a decrease in surface area. 3. Poisoning: Occurs when impurities in the feedstock irreversibly bind to the active sites of the catalyst. 4. Fouling: The accumulation of unwanted materials on the catalyst surface, blocking active sites.
