substrate impurities

What Are the Methods for Detecting Substrate Impurities?

Detecting impurities requires sensitive and accurate analytical techniques. Some commonly used methods include:
- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Effective for separating and identifying organic impurities.
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS): Useful for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds.
- Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Excellent for detecting trace levels of inorganic impurities.
- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Can identify functional groups in organic impurities.
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Provides detailed structural information about organic compounds, including impurities.

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