What Are the Commonly Used Sensitive Instruments in Catalysis?
Several analytical techniques are widely used in catalysis due to their high sensitivity:
1. Mass Spectrometry (MS): MS is highly sensitive and can detect minute quantities of substances. It is extensively used to analyze reaction intermediates and products in catalytic processes. 2. Gas Chromatography (GC): GC coupled with MS or other detectors provides high sensitivity for separating and identifying volatile compounds. 3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: High-resolution NMR can detect and quantify low-concentration species, providing detailed structural information about intermediates and products. 4. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy: FTIR is sensitive to various functional groups and is used to monitor changes in the chemical composition of reaction mixtures. 5. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): XPS offers surface sensitivity and can detect elemental composition and chemical states on catalyst surfaces.
