material damage

What Are the Common Methods for Assessing Material Damage?

Several analytical techniques are used to assess material damage in catalysts:
X-ray diffraction (XRD): Used to identify changes in the crystalline structure of the catalyst.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides detailed images of the catalyst surface to detect physical damage.
Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD): Assesses the strength and distribution of active sites on the catalyst surface.
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): Measures changes in the catalyst's weight as a function of temperature, indicating thermal stability.
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Identifies chemical changes on the catalyst surface.

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