Despite the advancements, several challenges remain in monitoring catalysis, including:
1. High Temperature and Pressure: Many catalytic reactions occur under harsh conditions, making in situ monitoring difficult. 2. Complex Reaction Mixtures: The presence of multiple reactants, intermediates, and products can complicate the analysis. 3. Time Resolution: Capturing fast transient species and reaction intermediates requires techniques with high time resolution. 4. Spatial Resolution: Obtaining atomic-level information about the active sites and reaction pathways.
