Several advanced monitoring techniques are employed in the field of catalysis, including:
1. Spectroscopy: Techniques like UV-Vis, Infrared (IR), and Raman spectroscopy provide information about the electronic and vibrational states of molecules on the catalyst surface. 2. Microscopy: Electron microscopy (TEM, SEM) and Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) allow for the visualization of the catalyst's morphology and structure at the atomic level. 3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): XRD is used to determine the crystalline structure and phase composition of catalysts. 4. Mass Spectrometry (MS): MS helps in identifying reaction intermediates and products by analyzing the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. 5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): NMR provides detailed information about the chemical environment and dynamics of atoms in the catalyst.
