- Stability: One of the main challenges is the long-term stability of DSSCs, particularly the dye and the electrolyte, which can degrade under prolonged exposure to sunlight. - Efficiency: Improving the overall efficiency of DSSCs involves optimizing the catalytic properties of the dye, the morphology of the TiO2 layer, and the redox properties of the electrolyte. - Environmental Impact: Developing environmentally friendly materials for DSSCs, such as avoiding heavy metals like ruthenium, is another significant challenge.
