1. Biocatalysts: These are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions. They are biodegradable and operate under mild conditions, reducing energy consumption. 2. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs): MOFs are highly porous materials that can be engineered to reduce toxicity and improve selectivity. 3. Ionic Liquids: These are salts in a liquid state at room temperature, often used as solvents and catalysts. They are tunable and can be designed to be non-volatile and non-toxic. 4. Zeolites: These are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals used as catalysts in petrochemical refining and other processes. They are known for their stability and low toxicity.
