Several catalytic materials are known for their cost-effectiveness and efficiency:
Zeolites - These microporous, aluminosilicate minerals are widely used in the petrochemical industry for cracking hydrocarbons. They are relatively inexpensive and offer high stability. Activated Carbon - This material is commonly used in adsorption processes and as a support for metal catalysts. It is affordable and has a large surface area. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) - These are highly porous materials that can be tailored for specific catalytic applications. Some MOFs can be synthesized using low-cost precursors. Biocatalysts - Enzymes and whole-cell catalysts can be used for various organic transformations. They are renewable and can be produced at a relatively low cost. Transition Metal Catalysts - Metals like iron, nickel, and copper are less expensive alternatives to precious metals like platinum and palladium.
