What are Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and their Role in Pathogen Defense?
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules derived from oxygen. They include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2−), and hydroxyl radicals (OH•). These molecules are produced by immune cells through the catalytic activity of enzymes such as NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase. ROS can damage cellular components of pathogens, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading to their inactivation or death.
