The nature of impurities depends on the type of feedstock. Some common impurities include:
Sulfur Compounds: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptans, and thiophenes are common sulfur-containing impurities in petroleum feedstocks. Metal Contaminants: Nickel, vanadium, and arsenic are often found in crude oil and can be detrimental to refining catalysts. Oxygenates: Compounds like methanol and acetaldehyde are common in bio-feedstocks and can affect catalyst activity. Chlorides: Chlorine-containing compounds can lead to the formation of corrosive hydrochloric acid, damaging both catalysts and equipment.
