Common electron-donating groups include: - Alkyl Groups: Simple alkyl groups such as methyl (-CH3) and ethyl (-C2H5) are classic examples. - Amino Groups: Amino groups (-NH2) are strong electron donors due to the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. - Hydroxyl Groups: Hydroxyl groups (-OH) can also donate electron density through lone pairs on the oxygen atom. - Alkoxy Groups: Alkoxy groups (-OR) are similar to hydroxyl groups but with an alkyl substituent.
