Reliability in catalysis is often measured through long-term stability tests, which assess the performance of a catalyst over extended periods under operational conditions. Parameters such as conversion rates, selectivity, and turnover frequency (TOF) are monitored to determine how well a catalyst maintains its functionality. Additionally, characterization techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to analyze structural and compositional changes in the catalyst.