ORR is studied using various electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements. These techniques help determine the activity, selectivity, and stability of ORR catalysts. Additionally, spectroscopic methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provide insights into the catalyst's surface properties and structural characteristics.
