The structure and morphology of catalysts significantly influence their ORR performance. Factors such as surface area, porosity, and the nature of active sites play crucial roles. For example, nanoparticles, nanowires, and hollow structures can provide high surface areas and enhance the exposure of active sites. Additionally, the electronic properties of the catalyst, which can be tuned through doping or alloying, are critical in determining the adsorption and activation of oxygen molecules.
