Several techniques are employed to provide immediate feedback in catalysis: - Spectroscopy: Techniques like UV-Vis, IR, and Raman spectroscopy offer real-time monitoring of reaction intermediates and products. - Chromatography: Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) allow for the quick analysis of reaction mixtures. - Mass Spectrometry: This helps in identifying and quantifying reaction products on the fly. - Online Reaction Monitoring Systems: Advanced systems equipped with sensors and automated feedback loops can adjust reaction parameters in real-time.
