Enantioselectivity is achieved through intricate interactions between the catalyst and the substrates. In homogeneous catalysis, the chiral ligand attached to the metal center creates a chiral environment that favors the formation of one enantiomer. In heterogeneous catalysis, the surface topology and the nature of the adsorbed species play crucial roles. In biocatalysis, the enzyme’s active site provides a chiral environment that discriminates between enantiomers.