electron distribution

How is Electron Distribution Analyzed in Catalysis?

Various techniques are used to analyze electron distribution in catalytic systems. Some of the most common methods include:
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Measures the binding energy of core electrons to infer electron density.
Density Functional Theory (DFT): A computational method that predicts electron distribution by solving quantum mechanical equations.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR): Used for systems with unpaired electrons to determine their distribution and environment.

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