Dispersion can be measured through various techniques including Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Chemisorption. TEM provides visual images of the distribution of particles on the support. XRD can be used to determine the crystallite size, which is inversely related to dispersion. Chemisorption techniques involve the adsorption of gas molecules on the catalyst surface to measure the number of active sites.
