Catalysts stabilize the transition state through several mechanisms:
1. Proximity and Orientation: Catalysts bring reactants into close proximity and orient them correctly to facilitate the reaction. 2. Weak Interactions: Catalysts often form weak interactions (such as hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces) with the transition state, stabilizing it. 3. Bond Strain: Catalysts can induce strain in bonds within the reactants, making it easier for those bonds to be broken and reformed in the transition state. 4. Electron Donation/Withdrawal: Catalysts can donate or withdraw electrons to stabilize the transition state via covalent interactions.
