Several techniques are used to study the local environment in catalysis:
Spectroscopic Methods: Techniques like NMR, XPS, and IR spectroscopy can provide information on the electronic and structural characteristics of the active sites. Microscopy: High-resolution methods like TEM and SEM can visualize the geometric arrangement of atoms around the active sites. Theoretical Calculations: Computational methods like DFT can predict the electronic structure and reactivity of catalytic sites.