Surface Functionalization: Introducing hydrophilic functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl) on the catalyst surface can enhance its hydrophilicity. Support Selection: Choosing hydrophilic support materials, such as certain metal oxides or carbon-based materials, can improve the overall hydrophilicity of the catalyst system. Post-synthesis Treatments: Methods like acid or base treatments can modify the surface properties, thereby altering the hydrophilicity.
