Characterizing deformation in catalysts is crucial for understanding its impact on catalytic performance. Several techniques can be used to study deformation:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used to analyze changes in the crystalline structure of the catalyst. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Provides detailed images of the catalyst at the atomic level, allowing for the observation of structural changes. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Measures surface topography and can detect surface reconstruction and other deformations. Raman Spectroscopy: Useful for identifying changes in molecular vibrations and chemical bonds.
