deactivated

How Can Catalyst Deactivation Be Detected?

Detection of deactivation can be achieved through:
Performance Monitoring: Regularly measuring the activity and selectivity of the catalyst.
Characterization Techniques: Utilizing techniques like X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) to observe physical and chemical changes in the catalyst.
Temperature-Programmed Techniques: Methods such as TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) and TPR (Temperature-Programmed Reduction) can provide insights into deactivation mechanisms.

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