The selectivity of a catalytic reaction is typically measured using techniques such as:
- NMR Spectroscopy: This technique can provide detailed information about the relative amounts of different regioisomers and stereoisomers in a reaction mixture.
- Chiral HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography with a chiral stationary phase is used to separate and quantify enantiomers, providing a measure of enantiomeric excess.
- GC-MS: Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry can be used to analyze the composition of reaction products, offering insights into regioselectivity.
